Self Efficacy Among Students From A University Or School

Abstract Self-efficacy is the ability to encourage your-self to get things accomplished. Self-efficacy are affecting by four factors as mastery experiences, modeling, persuasion and physiological factors. The purpose behind this paper has been to gain an understanding of how self-efficacy relates to entrepreneurial performance and the concept self-efficacy, with the aim of establishing how this personal characteristic can be measured and used to forecast entrepreneurial achievement. The aim of this research was to identify the level of entrepreneurial self-efficacy among students from a university or school which adopted entrepreneurial education also how entrepreneurial self-efficacy is related to gender. Self-efficacy in entrepreneurship must be measure by quantitative method. Research have come a long progress to identifying individual characteristics and skills for predicting entrepreneurial performance and achievement. Introduction A person belief their ability to successful in the specific task is called self-efficacy. People estimate of their basic capacity to adapt, perform and be successful and was found to be positively identified with occupation performance. Generalized self-efficacy is implied significant to impact an entrepreneur in taking part in inventive activity, adopting a proactive position and taking risks. Such capacity is frequently developed slowly through experience and is strengthened by past achievements. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy is the degreeShow MoreRelatedStatistical Report on the Effects of Self-Efficacy on Depression1333 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to self-efficacy Self-efficacy has been studied extensively since Albert Bandura first published his theory in 1977. In social situations, individuals have varying perceptions of their ability to successfully interact with others.(Bandura 1977) In other words, their self-efficacy beliefs reflect their level of social confidence (Bandura, 1977). The possession of strong self-efficacy beliefs has been related to positive outcomes in academic achievement, career choice and also to reduceRead MoreScope Of Problem Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesScope of Problem (1-2 Pages) Drug use among college student continues to be a public health issue. North America is facing an epidemic of opioid addiction and opioid overdose with an unprecedented level of mortality (Global Commission on Drug Policy, 2017). Opioids are a drug category that contains both illegal and prescription drugs and their main effect is to relieve pain, but when taken in excess, they also produce euphoric side effects. Opioid use can lead to addiction, even when used properlyRead MoreBecoming High Turnover Rates Among Teachers1335 Words   |  6 PagesDefinition of the Problem Higher education has been experiencing high turnover rates among teachers. According to Gonzalez and Brown (2008), the NEA (National Education Association) reported that 20% of recently hired teachers will leave the profession within the first three years (Gonzalez Brown, 2008). In urban areas, however, 50% of teachers will leave the classroom within the same timeframe (p. 2). This is due to low wages, personal dissatisfaction, and emotional/social factors (p.2). SuchRead MoreThe Belief And Attitude Toward New Technology978 Words   |  4 Pages3. Individual difference among teachers 3.1 Belief and attitude toward new technology Previous research demonstrates that a teacher’s teaching philosophy, attitude toward new technology and teaching style will affect the effectiveness of technology integration in education (Demetriadis et al., 2003). Among potential influential factors, teachers’ attitude is one of the critical variables discriminating the successful technology integration and the unsuccessful one. With same teaching level, teachersRead MoreGender And Academic Performance Among College Students1489 Words   |  6 PagesEthnic Identification in Relation to Gender and Academic Performance among College Students Only a certain number of people graduate from high school or obtain a GED. Even fewer of them go on to pursue a post-secondary education and obtain a degree. It is obvious that many factors contribute to this lowered rate of degree obtainment such as tuition cost, being overwhelmed by the advanced curriculum, and the loss motivation; however, another factor that may contribute to this issue is simply the wayRead MoreThe Theoretical Construct Of Self Regulation1218 Words   |  5 Pagestransferring the theoretical construct of self-regulation from educational psychology to the area of second language acquisition. A number of studies on self-regulation in language learning have been carried out in Western contexts (Mezei, 2008). Drawing upon the social cognitive and sociocultural perspectives of self-regulation, Wang, Quach, and Rolston (2009) investigated the development of four male Chinese English language learners use of self-regulated learning strategies. Their caseRead MoreTraditional And Nontraditional Characteristics Predicting Retention Among First Time838 Words   |  4 PagesPredicting Retention among First Time in College Students researched by C. Joseph (2015). This dissertation looks closely at the retention and completion of first time college students and their persistence to obtain their educational goals. The dissertation also looks at programs and services that support and assist students’ needs and that reduce the risk of stopping-out or dropping-out of college. Joseph’s (2015) research identifies 68% of students coming out of high school enroll int o collegeRead MoreHypothetical Structure For Self Determination863 Words   |  4 PagesHypothetical Structure for Self-Determination Diverse factors boost or weaken the motivation of an individual. The self-determination hypothesis of motivation acknowledges the significance of mindfulness to inbuilt motivation. In-built motivation is independent and comes from self-generated interests and personal objectives. It creates the encouragement to act volitionally. It is more projecting of positive emotional outcomes and diligence compared to motivation built externally (Saltzman 2014).Read MoreA Research For The Phase II Worksheet1626 Words   |  7 Pagescommonalities between lived experiences and the differences in societal treatment of the groups† (Gonzalez et al., 2015). Therefore, allowing Caucasian participants to listen to and/or witness personal, positive, first person narratives from out-group members (i.e. Students of African Descent) could have a significant impact on changing their attitudes towards becoming their allies. The intervention poster used personal narratives with the story of how Dean Smi th integrated ACC Basketball. PersonalRead MoreThe Health Belief Model Is Used For Health Promotion And Health Education738 Words   |  3 Pagesadded to health belief model that includes motivating factor, cues to action and self-efficacy. Each of these constructs in combination or individually, could be used to determine health behavior. The HBM also provides guidelines for the program development allowing planners to address reasons for non-compliance with recommended health action. The health belief model is a process used to promote healthy behavior among individuals who may be at risk of developing adverse health outcomes. A person must

How Did The Holocaust Start And Why Did This Occur

Life The Secret Annex How did the Holocaust start and why did this occur? The Holocaust happened in Germany and in Eastern Europe. The victims of the Holocaust were gathered from across Europe, but most of the actual killing was done in parts of Eastern, the best-known of the camps that were used to kill Holocaust victims were in Poland. These camps included Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, and the most notorious of all the death camps, Auschwitz. Auschwitz was the site of the deaths of more than a million of the victims of the Holocaust. These were the major death camps that were used in the Holocaust. Jewish people were not treated fair and they were hurt. Their lives ended early for most jewish people because of this. Anne and her family s lives were ended poorly. They hid with the Van Danns and were caught one day because of a break in. Anne had a diary, she told the diary everything about her. That diary was found and kept safe. Neither the Franks or the Van Danns had a fair live because of the Holocaust experience. They didn t get to pick their culture. Living within the Secret Annex wasn t the easiest thing ever done. Secrets were kept, stories were revealed, things changed in the Frank s life and the Van Danns life. Not everyone got along well in the secret annex. There were limitations and restrictions they all had to follow. The room annex wasn t a huge house, they had to share lots of things. Many fears would show through all ofShow MoreRelatedThe Nazi Party and The Holocaust Essay610 Words   |  3 PagesThe Holocaust was a terrible time. This terrible time was all a plan, led by Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler was sent to prison for treason. Even after he got out, he worked with the government of Germany. He even rose to be the Dictator of Germany, with the luck of the last leaders passing. He blamed others for his struggle. He passed laws, to make it legal to descriminate and to single out groups of people, races, and religions. During the Holocaust, terrible and devistating things happened. JewsRead MoreThe Holocaust : A Despicable Time1724 Words   |  7 Pagesin the Holocaust reacted differently; some by rising above with strength and determination while others exiled their faith to the shadows forever. Throughout history, several different reactions have been accounted for but some do not take the time to think of why survivors reacted in the manner that they did. By doing this, many people will gain greater insight on just how devastating the Holocaust was, even though some chose to make light out of darkness. Therefore, though the Holocaust is a despicableRead MoreGenocides Past and Present Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesGenocides Past and Present Genocide, a dire event, has been recurring time and time again throughout history. In the past, there was the Holocaust, where Hitler exterminated over six million Jews based on his anti-semitic views. Elie Wiesel, a Jewish author, has become a very influential man in educating the world of the true events of the Holocaust due to his involvement in the disaster. Presently, a genocide is occurring in the Darfur region of southern Sudan, in which according to Cheryl GoldmarkRead MoreThe Horrors of Genocide: Night, by Elie Wiesel1699 Words   |  7 Pagespeople in this world believe that they are better than other due to their race, religion, and everything else that defines a group of people as different from another group of people. People are and have been wrongfully treated differently due to the incompetence of some to realize that everyone is equal. They often believe that they were superior to others because of their physical attributes and beliefs that they had. The Holocaust is a major example of the ignorance of some in history. This ignoranceRead MoreMussolini s Main Goals For Italy1177 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Thou shalt not be a victim, thou shalt not be a perpetrator, but above all, thou shalt not be a bystander† (A), these wise words were spoken by Yehuda Bauer, 65 years after the start of the Holocaust. Italy, under the rule of fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, was one of the many countries who turned her back on the Jewish people. Because of political, social and economic reasons, Italy was a bystander to the heinous crimes inflicted on the Jewish population. Benito Mussolini took control of theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Holocaust1599 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the Jews (â€Å"The reasons for the Holocaust,† 2009). This tragedy is known today as, â€Å"The Holocaust,† that explains the terrors of our histories past. The face of the Holocaust, master of death, and leader of Germany; Adolf Hitler the most deceitful, powerful, well spoken, and intelligent person that acted as the key to this mass murder. According to a research study at University of South Florida, nearly eleven million people were targeted and killed. This disaster is a genocide that was meantRead MoreWhy Is The Killing Of A Million A Lesser Crime?1440 Words   |  6 PagesGenocide Essay â€Å"Why is the killing of a million a lesser crime than the killing of an individual?† -Raphael Lemkin referring to genocides. Genocides are organized exterminations committed with intent to destroy a whole group based on religion, ethnicity, and race. The Holocaust, the Armenian genocide, Darfur, and the Rwanda genocide were all terrible events in history, but why did they occur? The form of genocide had existed since the perception of superiority and inferiority was known. AsRead MoreConditions of the Concentration Camps During the Holocaust Essay1077 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Jewish race. In his biography, Mein Kampf, Hitler discusses the artistic, social, and technological superiority of Germany (â€Å"Aryans†), why he believes the Aryans are the ultimate dominant human race, and he makes many anti-Semitic remarks against the Jews. (Lualdi 224). In 1935, the â€Å"Nuremberg Laws† were enacted to deny Jewish Germans of their citizenship; this ultimately led Hitler to carry out his â€Å"Final Solution,† in which he hoped to fully exterminate the Jewish race from all of Europe (HuntRead MoreHitler s Responsibility Of The Holocaust1644 Words   |  7 Pagesis very much known for his barbaric deed and responsibility of the Holocaust-- possibly the most disturbing and most horrifying event to be recorded in history. The holocaust systematically killed over six million Jewish people, including over 1.5 million children that were victimized through a number of arguments that many believed was the cause for the destruction. It is difficult to conclude an overriding reason why the holocaust happened, although it is argued, however, that the imminent effectRead MoreTheme Of Guilt In Maus1301 Words   |  6 Pages both theirs and others. Art Spiegelman is no exception to this concept. Throughout his graphic novel, Maus, he consistently expresses his guilt. Spiegelman experiences extreme guilt over not suffering the Holocaust, being a disappointment of a son, and for writing Maus. First of all, Spiegelman expresses constant survivors guilt over his being born after World War II. He did not suffer through the horrors of the World War II Holocaust, but his father, mother, and step-mother suffered. Spiegelman

What Is Polymer Free Essays

Polymer came from the Greek word ‘poly’ and ‘meros’ which means many parts. Polymers can be natural like DNA or can be synthetic like polystyrene. Polymers are huge molecule or macromolecule made of many repeating units which can be the same or different depending upon the desired characteristics. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Polymer? or any similar topic only for you Order Now How are polymers made? The polymers are made by a process called by polymerization no matter if it is a natural or synthetic one. In this process the repeating units are called monomers. Polymers are also of different kinds: Polymer type Characteristics Intra-polymer Soft Stiff In-between Inter-polymer Weak forces between their chains strong force between the chains Van der Waals forces decide this inter-polymer force. What is the chemical structure of the polymer? The chemical structure of a polymer depends upon the composition of the polymer i.e. which kind of monomers it is made of, amount of elements present in it. The structure of polymers is also dependent upon the chemicals bonds with which monomers are linked and also the size of the molecules that are linked. Polymerization Polymerization is a process in which monomers are the input and a 3 dimensional or linked chain of polymer came as output. This process is a chemical reaction. Polymerization is again of 2 types: Polymerization type What are these? Example Step-growth polymerization Polymers formed by the stepwise reaction between functional groups of monomers Polyurethanes Chain growth or Addition polymerization The linking together of molecules incorporating double or triple carbon-carbon bonds Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Polymer molecular weight Polymer are long chains of monomers and the length of these chains vary from each another so because of this kind of variations finding the exact molecular weight of each polymer is quite difficult so instead of calculating the exact weight average weight is calculated. The number  average molecular weight  is the total  weight  of the sample divided by the number of  molecules  in the sample i.e. multiply the  weight of the  molecule  by the number of  molecules. The units of average molecular weight are kg/mol. Properties and Characteristics of polymers Polymer properties Architecture It is basically the structure and shape of the polymer chains that are linked together to give a specific 2D shape. These shapes can be star, comb, brush, dendronized, ladder and dendrimers. These all exist in branched polymers Chain length This a physical property of a polymer sand this property also influence many other properties like melting point, boiling point, resistance, viscosity, molten states, etc. Morphology It describes the arrangement and microscale ordering of polymer chains Tacticity It describes the stereochemistry of chiral carbons in the polymer chain. It can be : Isotactic Atactic Syndiotactic Transport properties It describes the diffusivity rate of how rapidly molecules move through the polymer matrix Characteristics The characteristics of the polymer can be determined by various techniques such as: Side angle X-ray scattering,  small angle X-ray scattering  Small angle neutron scattering Gel permeation chromatography Polydispersity. FTIRRaman and NMR Differential scanning calorimetry  and  dynamic mechanical These techniques are used to know the crystalline structure, chain lengths, molecular weight, composition, glass transition temperature, melting points, etc. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer#/media/File:Polymer_Branch.svg Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC): GPC is an analytical technique which makes use of a pore network of the cross-linked polymer as stationary phase, forming a molecular sieve, for the separation of components of a polymer molecule in the solution form (mobile phase) based on their size or molecular weight. In GPC, columns with small porous particles packed in the form of the gel are used to allow permeation of a solvent, hence gel permeation chromatography. There are no chemical interactions between the solvent particles and the gel in GPC, rather solvent particles are separated based on the size. The physical and chemical parameters of a cross linked polymer in the GPC column is vital for the overall performance of a GPC in terms of separation. Such few properties are hardness, tensile strength, melt viscosity, brittleness, impact resistance, tear strength, friction etc. GPC can determine various important parameters of a polymer, like a number average (Mn), polydispersity index, volume average (Mv), weight average (Mw), Z average and the most important molecular weight distribution, by determining the chain lengths. Components of GPC: Instrumentation of GPC is comprised of several components working together to yield a system with an optimal separation of components in a given sample. Different components of GPC are as follows: Components of GPC system [1] Pump – The pump in the GPC system, push the solvent at a constant flow rate to all other components such that there would be no interferences in the analysis because of the viscosity differences of a polymer solution. To avoid reactions of solvent molecules with the pump, it is made up of inert materials. Injector – The injector delivers the polymer solution into the mobile phase without disturbing the flow of the mobile phase. In the process of determining molecular weight the injector should be capable of injecting small volume. Usually, the injection volume is in the range 20 – 200 microliters. Column– Column is comprised of a dense network of the porous cross-linked polymer of a well-defined size which separates the components in the sample solely based on their molecular weight. Silica beads are commonly used to design the cross-linked polymer of a GPC column. The size of the column varies from smaller ( 7.5mm length X 50mm diameter ) to larger ( 25mm length X 300mm diameter ) based on the purpose for which it is being used. Nature and size of the bead in the 2784591367549column is dependent on the type of components need to separate. Columns are usually used in sets or groups to enhance the resolution of the GPC system. Highly efficient columns will provide robust and reproducible data over a long period of time.GPC Column [2] Detector – Detector in the GPC system identify the separated components of a sample after they percolated through the gel membrane based on their size under different measurement parameters. GPC detectors can be broadly divided into two classes based on the type of measurement parameter: Detectors measuring concentration – They are sensitive enough to determine a very small change in the mobile phase by determining the difference in the refractive index of the solvent and mobile phase. They are called differential refractive index (DRI) detectors and are the most common and widely used GPC detector. In this case, the response at the detector end corresponds to the sample concentration. Detectors measuring scattered light – When the response at the detector end proportional to the scattered light can be measured then such detectors came into the role. Few examples are multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS), low angle laser light scattering (LALLS) and right-angle laser light scattering (RALLS). Data processing equipment -After a detector, detects the change in the refractive index, the data processing software in the processing equipment calculate the important parameters like Mn, Mv, Mw, molecular weight distribution etc. pertaining to a sample polymer discussed in the introduction section. The updated GPC software offers multiple detections, calibration checks, and corrections in band broadening which makes the GPC system more efficient overall. GPC principle: The components of a sample would be separated based on their molecular weight or size. Larger particles traverse less volume since they cannot enter the small pores of a cross-linked network of polymer in the column and hence elute sooner while smaller particles enter the pores, traverse large volume and elute later. Larger particles in red elute sooner than smaller particles in pink [3] GPC chromatogram with retention time [3] GPC working: First, a sample is prepared by dissolving resin (sample) into an appropriate solvent such as toluene or aqueous buffers. Sample preparation is a crucial step, therefore unless the sample does not get fully dissolved in the solvent further steps shouldn’t be considered. After sample preparation, it is injected via injector into the flowing stream of solvent in the GPC system, where sample components get separated, while permeating through the porous cross-linked polymer, based on their size or molecular weight. The detector then detects the sample components based on the difference in the refractive index of the sample and the mobile phase. The GPC processing software at the end then generates a molecular weight distribution curve which elicits information about the molecular weight of the individual components of the sample along with several other important parameters. Working of GPC [4] GPC application: GPC is widely used to: Characterize different polymers. Differentiate mixtures into small fractions. Routinely clean samples like organic acids, sugars, environmental samples, free fatty acids etc. Utilized in the paint industry. Purify proteins, nucleic acid and polysaccharides. POLYMER ANALYSIS BY MALDI Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis Every molecule in the sample of the polymer has different molecular weight, we have a distribution of weights. The other method used is SEC which is not really helpful as it measures hydrodynamic volume i.e., how big is the polymer chain in the solution. This gives a relative measure of molecular weight, therefore higher the molecular weight higher is the hydrodynamic volume. (http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/images/mal01.gif) Therefore as a result matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy or MALDI mass spectrometry is used to determine the weight of different polymers. The first step is the sample preparation that needs to be run in the instrument. The polymer of interest is dissolved using a solvent which can be water but some of the proteins are soluble in it, therefore another solvent used is usually a 70:30 ratio of water: acetonitrile. Again the solvent selection depends on the kind of solvent dissolves the polymer of interest. Addition of chemical with the sample which will act as a special agent which will absorb ultra-violet light. Add about 104 times more of UV absorber compared to polymer Example of ultraviolet absorber used :trans-cinnamic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. (http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/images/mal05.gif) PROCESS:  Add the sample mixture in an airtight chamber, on the sample probe as shown in the diagram. The vacuum will help suck the air out of the chamber, when we do this the sample evaporates and only a layer of UV absorbing compound is left behind(with very little sample)/ At this time shoot a laser to the compound, use UV laser in the 330-360 nm range. So the UV absorbing compound absorbs all the energy it can from the laser, it also passes some of that energy along to the polymer molecules. (https://goo.gl/images/2fPKVo) The polymer is now dispersed in a matrix of the UV-absorbing compound – that’s why it is called matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. The matrix material react with the sample polymer in such a way that the polymer gets charged, when the polymers absorb this energy they get evaporated, it’s not possible for heavy polymers but this happens under the high temperature and low pressure conditions.  Ã‚  (https://goo.gl/images/qEDDjc) The polymer is vaporized right between the electrodes. Most of the time there is a single charge on the polymer, therefore the same electrical force is applied to the polymer when accelerated in the electric field between the two electrodes. Heaver the polymer slower is its acceleration, the big heavy polymer will take time to reach the detector at the end of the chamber.(https://goo.gl/images/LRR2v7) The smaller polymer will hit the detector first followed by the heavier ones- order by mass.(http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/images/mal08.gif) When the polymer hits the detector, we get the peak. The peak is proportional to the number of molecules that hit at one time. References http://www.waters.com/waters/en_GB/Size-exclusion-chromatography-%28SEC%29-Gel-Permeation-Chromatography-%28GPC%29-Guide/nav.htm?cid=10167568;locale=en_GBhttps://www.agilent.com/store/en_US/Prod-PL1110-6400/PL1110-6400https://slideplayer.es/slide/1661278/A. E. Hamielec, S. T, Balke, B. P. Leclair ; S. L. Pearce;  Ind. Eng.Chem.,Prod. Res. Dev., 8,54 (1969). Z. Grubistic, R. Rempp ;  H. Benoit; J. Polymer Sci., Part B, 5, 753(1967). https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/primers/Public/59906969EN%20GPC%20SEC%20Chrom%20Guide.pdf. Creel, Howard, Trends in Polymer Science, Elsevier, 1993, vol.1, no.11, pp.336-342 â€Å"Prospects for the Analysis of High Molar Mass Polymers Using MALDI Mass Spectrometry†. Y Brun J. Liq. Chrom ; Rel. Technology, 1979 – 2015 (1998), , 21 (13), â€Å"Data Reduction in Multidetector Size Exclusion Chromatography†. J. Brandrup, E.H. Immersut:John Wiley ; Sons Publisher, â€Å"Polymer Hardbook† W.W. Yau, J.J. Kirkland, D.D. BlyJohn Wiley ; Sons, Inc., New York, 1979, â€Å"Modern Size-Exclusion Liquid Chromatography† Rasmussen, W. (2010),† The Use of Gel Permeation: Chromatography for the Cleanup of Samples in the Analytical Laboratory†.  American laboratory,  42(2). Malvern Panalytical, 29 July 2015, Measuring Molecular Weight, Size and Branching of Polymers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer How to cite What Is Polymer?, Papers

Marketing Control and Marketing Standardisation Strategies

Question: Discuss the marketing plan for TIC Hospital. Answer: Introduction A marketing plan is an extensive record or plan that layouts an organization's publicizing and promoting endeavors for the coming year. It portrays business exercises required in fulfilling particular developing destinations inside a set time span. This report summarizes the Marketing Plan for TIC Hospital. It covers developing technique, showcasing strategies, achievement measurements, and financials. All real advertising exercises are abridged and depicted in the Marketing Activities area for snappy reference Market Summary TIC, i.e., Transitional Infant Care is a unit which takes care of prematurely born babies in the hospitals around the country("The European Market Executive Summary", 2001,p. 5-8). Since this healthcare unit has been founded with the motto of helping the babies and their families to overcome the deadly health issues, they have that required facility, and also they have their name with the collaboration of the other few hospitals for referrals. They have asked those hospitals for the referrals to the TIC eligible babies but in recent years as the collaborative hospitals have developed their facilities and different healthcare unit, they have lessened the number of references to the TIC. It has become a threat to the hospital as the lack of proper marketing strategy is leading them towards the end of it. A good marketing strategy is required to overcome the issue and to get as many patients possible to become the leading healthcare unit for the babies(Cohen , p.46). Target markets: In this case, the target markets should be different hospitals who dont possess that advanced facilities as well as the hospitals who are offering the same care at higher rates. Since TIC provides their assistance to the babies and their parents as well at a very nominal charge if compared to the market rates, so if the marketing strategy presented revolves around the comparison of the rates and percentage of care and atmosphere, then the targets may be achieved successfully(Lout, 2003, p. 719-719). Market Demographics Since demographics in marketing refers to the age, gender, income level, race, and ethnicity, TIC needs to do a proper market survey to identify the targeting and segmenting audience. Through the years, the demographic condition has changed as it changes with the population over time, and that is why proper marketing planning is needed to reach more audiences so thatno more TIC should depend on upon the referrals from the other healthcare units for patients entirely(Arnott and Casscells, 2003, p. 20-29). Because through the years, the other healthcare groups who previously give referrals to TIC, have developed the facilities and now they can provide almost same premises to the patients, and due to that reason, they now don't bother to give referrals any more. This situation has to be stopped with the help of new marketing services using technology to reach to the target audience well in time. Advertising the facilities with the aid of television, email, social media, and phones can b e of great help to highlight the reason to choose TIC for the babies(Chang and Thorson, p.75-84). Market Needs Previously TICs founder Ron David believed in the referrals from the known healthcare professionals, but now due to the development of the other healthcare units, it has come to a point that no other hospitals are giving referrals to TIC. So to cope up with the situation, firstly it is important to know what the market needs. In any sector, the market demands good quality and quantity at an affordable price, so if TIC highlights its cost feature to the audience, then it may become a fruitful reason(Berkhout, Hartmann and Trott, 2010, p.474-490). Now facilities are all same in the hospitals of that area, but the costing factor is different, and this should be the most highlighting point for the marketing. Market trends Every time the market trend follows the need of the ordinary people, as they are the most valuable element to reach the highest level of success. Now with the advent of technological use in the marketing strategy, email marketing, social media marketing, SEO marketing are the most used marketing plans in this era (Muradolu and Aydoan, p. 41-60). Because these are the easiest and cost effective way of marketing and like any other NICU hospital have started to advertise a television commercial to reach their target audience, TIC also announces their highlighted features and the whole healthcare set up to impress the goal audience. Market Growth The proper growth of TIC is only possible if some investments are made for more planned and designed facilities which can be provided to the patients. To grow more, TIC should advertise their success stories with the consent of the patient parties to let the other people know about the first ever made healthcare unit especially for the premature babies in Pittsburg. Relationships with NICU staffs have helped to get referrals previously but now targeting the right audience will do more good to TIC as this will be beneficial on the account of getting thedirect patient("Identifying Growth Opportunities In The European Market", 2003, p. 29). With the help of the advertisements, the families who are facing some problem regarding the babies, will get to know the place where should they go. Marketing Objectives The marketing objectives of TIC should be: To have a separate marketing department with the marketing personnel who can look over the marketing budget plans. The separate office will help to differentiate the responsibilities of the marketing and nursing staff, and then both can follow up their duties well(Shipley, p.48-56). Advertise through television, newspapers, emails, social media; SEO marketing should be done to get hold of a position in the market. Promotional events should be conducted in mostly populated locations, to reach to more audiences. After every promotional event, brochures and leaflets should be given to focusing more on the services offered by TIC. With the help of SEO and SEM website should be launched so that the person in need for assistance could contact easily. The site should contain proper information about the services as well as the contact details (Gaubitz and Thesmann,14-21). To enhance the financial condition of TIC, charity functions along with some sponsorships can help the organization to go ahead a long way. As through this, they can enhance their financial condition and can also make good investments for their more advanced infrastructure. Expanding of the market position will help to deliver excellent service to the people as expanding will provide more confidence in the financial aspect and thus will help in the betterment of TIC. SWOT Analysis Firstly, TIC have a high point for marketing its service, and that is its costing feature since it costs much less than any other NICU healthcare unit, it can highlight the value feature as its strength(Flacking et al., 2013, p.107-112). Secondly, due to lack of advertising and marketing strategy, TIC is failing to fill up its ten beds. More attention should be given to the point of marketing to acquire more audience. Thirdly, it can provide an excellent opportunity to the families of the babies by giving them proper care tour and can give few more facilities for the ease of the parents while staying in there. Lastly, lack of marketing planning may lead TIC to get a threat of closing the whole unit, because the other NICU hospitals are taking advantage of the advertising its features which tend to be amore useful point to them. So it is necessary to advertise with a proper planning to reach to the target audience("Target Audience", p.229). Competition Competition between TIC and the other NICU hospitals should be more. Previously, these NICU hospitals used to give referrals to TIC but now they have developed the same facilities provided by TIC. That means they have developed their services to provide a perfect competition to TIC and by considering the same strategy, TIC should also work on the advertising section to give a proper game to the NICU hospitals. Moreover, this is the only way to compete, and securely hold the position in the market. Product/ Service Offering Highlighting the offers for the services should be maintained properly. The special offers and services of TIC are good enough to bring out the audience to consult them for their problem. But only due to the lack ofproper execution of the marketing plans, they become the sufferers(Chung). TIC offers various services starting from the initial decision to admit, parent tours, family decisions; final decisions to accept the baby, all the opportunities are given to the parents of the child. Besides, they take the responsibility of transferring the baby from the hospital to TIC, then admission, proper caregiving, selected staffs for care providers, parentsrole, and discharge planning, all the features are provided to the parents. Marketing Mix A marketing mix is a tool for business mainly used by the marketers to determine the brand's offer and services. Whatever TIC provides the services should be determined well so that they can be placed in a strong position in the market. Moreover, the marketers who will work for TIC should know the pros and cons of the organization so that the marketer can manage the whole situation well("THE MARKETING MIX: A REVIEW", 2014). The four P's that includes in the marketing mix should be maintained that is price, product, place, and promotion. That means theproper quality of service should be provided at an affordable rate with appropriate promotional events at an ideal location. Promotional events are very much helpful as many people came to know about the facility at one place, and it will be more useful if they are provided with some brochures of the services given at TIC(Constantinides , 2006,p. 407-438). Marketing Strategy For TIC, marketing strategy should be planned in such a way that the organization should catch hold of the exact number of audiences(Krstic and Basic, 2011, p.118-126). The biggest problem with the group is the lack of planning because the staffs and the director of TIC alwaysprovide their attention more towards the babies, the marketing for the team is also important so that more families get to know about the organization so that TIC could serve their service to more people. As TIC claims to provide better services at a lower price, this should be highlighted with the help of the advertisements and media marketing so that, more people came to know about the offers and they could use the facility when there is a need for it, or can recommend it to someone. Besides advertising the services through media, charity functions or events can be conducted along with some sponsorship to get a good amount for their betterment. They also can make events with the collaboration of some individual organizations to attract more people to buy tickets for the event, and also they can take help from any celebrities to come over for their event. As anyone has got an emotional side so doing, some charity will be a yes for everyone. The amount which will be collected after the event, a percentage can be given to the collaborative organization and the other portion of the collection can be used for the betterment of the infrastructure of TIC. To gain more patients, TIC can increase their costing feature a little to meet up the needs for the proper maintenance of the infrastructure. But the costing should be much inferior to any other NICU hospitals. Another point is to expand the TIC Empire to hold a strong position in the market, and it would help TIC to m ake necessary changes in their service to serve more people at once. And for expanding, proper marketing policy is required to be followed and with the help of that, TIC can grow like a huge tree within a year or so. The main motto of the organization should be the responsibility to offer better service than any other NICU hospitals as well as to marketing the organization and its features well to gain the attention of more people residing in Pittsburg. Also, TIC should focus on locating its exact target consumer base. After the consumer base has been located, the company should focus on creating content suitable for that group. Being up to date by conducting market researches is an excellent means to stay updated with the consumer preferences at the given period. After the content has been created, it should be placed at strategic locations where it can easily gain hold of the consumers attention. References Arnott, Robert D. and Anne Casscells. "Demographics And Capital Market Returns".Financial Analysts Journal59.2 (2003): 20-29. Web. Berkhout, Guus, Dap Hartmann, and Paul Trott. "Connecting Technological Capabilities With Market Needs Using A Cyclic Innovation Model".RD Management40.5 (2010): 474-490. Web. Chang, Yuhmiin and Esther Thorson. "TELEVISION AND WEB ADVERTISING SYNERGIES".Journal of Advertising33.2 (2004): 75-84. Web. Chung, Henry. "Marketing Control And Marketing Standardisation Strategies: An Integrated Typology".SSRN Electronic Journaln. pag. Web. Cohen, Dorothy. "Trademark Strategy Revisited".Journal of Marketing55.3 (1991): 46. Web. Constantinides, E. "The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards The 21St Century Marketing".Journal of Marketing Management22.3-4 (2006): 407-438. Web. Flacking, R. et al. "Influence Of NICU Co-Care Facilities And Skin-To-Skin Contact On Maternal Stress In Mothers Of Preterm Infants".Sexual Reproductive Healthcare4.3 (2013): 107-112. Web. Gaubitz, Martin and Stephan Thesmann. "Effizientes Link-Management: SEM Versus SEO".Wirtsch Inform Manag4.2 (2012): 14-21. Web. "Identifying Growth Opportunities In The European Market".Filtration Separation40.6 (2003): 29. Web. Krstic, Ivan and Sonja Becic. "Implementation Of Marketing Strategy: Factor Of Competitive Advantage".Marketing42.2 (2011): 118-126. Web. Lout, Sabine. "European Markets Target Foreign Biotechs".Nat Biotech21.7 (2003): 719-719. Web. Muradolu, Glnur and Krsat Aydoan. "Trends In Market Reactions: Stock Dividends And Rights Offerings At Istanbul Stock Exchange".The European Journal of Finance9.1 (2003): 41-60. Web. Shipley, David D. "Marketing Objectives In UK And US Manufacturing Companies".European Journal of Marketing19.3 (1985): 48-56. Web. "Target Audience".Geriatric Nursing16.5 (1995): 229. Web. "The European Market Executive Summary".Implant Dentistry10.1 (2001): 5-8. Web. "THE MARKETING MIX: A REVIEW".ELK Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Retail Management(2014): n. pag. Web.

I can do bad all by myself by Tyler Perry

Introduction In this essay I have chosen to review the drama I can do bad all by myself which was released on September 11, 2009. This paper seeks to present a multi-focal criticism of the film. To this end three modes of criticism shall be used namely descriptive, interpretive and evaluative. This film is popular among members of a certain section of society, particularly the African Americans as most of them can easily identify with the characters.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on I can do bad all by myself by Tyler Perry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Descriptive criticism Plot The film written and directed by Tyler Perry revolves around events surrounding the lead character, April who is an alcoholic singer and works at a local night club. From the outset, it can be established that April is very selfish from the way she puts off a homeless man who tries to get some change from her. After introducing the ma in character, Tyler introduces us to Madea and her husband Joe who through a burglary get to meet three orphaned siblings, Jennifer, Byron and Manny who happen to be related to April and live with their grandmother. We later come to discover that the grandmother has been missing for four days. As the story unfolds, we are introduced to two other characters, Randy and Sandino. Randy is April’s married boyfriend who is very aggressive and arrogant. Sandino on the other hand is a gentle and loving immigrant who seeks shelter at April’s basement. The story changes pace to reveal that April’s mother passed away and that is why she has been missing. The three children are left under April’s care who wants to send them to an orphanage because Randy claims he does not want children. Towards the end, Randy tries to rape Jennifer and it takes the intervention of Sandino to stop him. This serves as a waking point for April who almost electrocutes Randy before kick ing him out of the house. Eventually she takes a liking to the children and gets married to Sandino with whom she has fallen in love. Characters The film stars Taraji Henson who plays April, Tyler Perry who plays both Madea and Joe, Adam Rodriguez who plays Sandino, Brian White who plays Randy, Marvin Winans who plays Pastor Brian and Gladys Knight who plays Wilma. Other characters are played by Hope Olaidà © Wilson (Jennifer), Kwesi Boakye (Manny), Frederick Siglar (Byron), Marva King (Helen Johnson), Christian Keyes (Sonny Johnson), Timon Kyle Durrett, (Ronald Johnson) and Elizabeth Malese Jow as Kelly. Music The soundtrack of the film comprises a number of songs notably I can do bad by Mary J. Blige and Rock Steady by Aretha Franklin. With the film featuring two musician characters, the Soundtrack is performed live in some instances and in other parts it provides the background as events happen in the foreground.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Setting The film is set in a poor African American neighborhood in the United States and most of the events happen at April’s and Medea’s houses. The other locations are the church and the park where April and Sandino go to unwind. Interpretive Criticism The film is spun around both comic and tragic events to illustrate that human beings however bad they are can make complete turnarounds if given the chance. April starts out as a very mean and reckless individual who does not see anything wrong with having an affair with a married man. In the initial scenes, she also acts inhumanely towards her own family, refusing to have any association with her sister’s children, to the extent of wanting to send them to a home, just so that they don’t live with her. However, as events unfold, she is able to see the err of her ways and apart from accepting her nephews and niece as her responsibility, she vows to learn to take care of them to the best of her abilities. From Madea’s character, we are able to see that human beings generally mean well for each other and that women are able to understand the plight of children better than men. This is illustrated when she chooses to give food to the Jennifer and her siblings even though they had broken into her house. Her husband’s protests further serve to bring home the point that men are less concerned with the welfare of children when compared to their female counterparts. Evaluative criticism The film’s strengths are derived from the characters of Jennifer, Randy and to some extent Sandino. Hope Olaidà © Wilson outstandingly plays her role, by believably presenting the character of a teenager overburdened by the responsibility of taking care of her two siblings. She is able to bring out the emotion required for this character and as a viewer I found myself feeling sorry for. Brian White also manages to pu ll off the rough-neck bad boy character Randy. Though as a viewer I already knew that it was not going to end well for him, I was still eager to see how things will turn out. April manages to kick him out of her life in a dramatic fashion and a tense moment is created during the confrontation between the two in the bathroom. To some extent as the viewer, I found myself cheering April on but at the same time I did not want to see her kill the man. Things however unfold in a way that was difficult to predict and this contributes to the strong-points of the film.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on I can do bad all by myself by Tyler Perry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The film is generally well presented even though it has a few weaknesses. First, it is not clear how April’s career as a musician plays to the overall theme of the film. Most of the performances that either her or other characters make in the duration of the film do not appear to have any relevance to the development of the plot and the fact that the performances have been given more than five minutes of the film show that the director just wanted use them to add mileage to the film. The way that the character, Sandino has been introduced is disappointing to say the least. The weakness mainly comes in when Pastor Brian decides to ask April to host him even though he admits that he barely recalls him. It is also difficult to believe that any lady will agree to host a man that she does not know just because he has been recommended by a religious figure. Conclusion Though I would not be particularly drawn to see this film a second time, I would definitely recommend it to someone who has not watched it. I however think the weaknesses of the film even out the strengths and this might contribute to it never being a classic. This essay on I can do bad all by myself by Tyler Perry was written and submitted by user Osvaldo S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Family Member

â€Å"A family is one's back bone; one cannot follow a straight path without them.† In every person’s life, there are certain people who are the most significant†¦ people who just seem to stick out more over a crowd. Many may not feel the same way, but in my point of view, family comes first. Who is there for me when the world turns its back? Who supports me and worries about my grades in school and about my future? Who is always there to provide unconditional love for me when no one else is around? Some people still might answer this question with â€Å"friends†, but in my case, I would have to disagree and say that family is the most important in my life. My parents are the only people in the world who will want me to achieve the highest. They are the only ones who encourage me to do my best and to not settle for less. They are also the only people who will tell me the truth about what is happening in my life and how to cope with it. No matter how long one has been friends with certain people, those friends will not want that person to excel much higher than them in everything they do. They will not necessarily let the person know what he/she should be doing at certain points of their life. Parents, on the other hand, will always provide the utmost truth availabl e to their child. I have been brought up to believe that I can achieve anything I put my heart into and that nobody can hold me back from my dreams. My parents have clearly taught me the difference between right and wrong, and good and bad, just like every other parent, but I apply it to my everyday life. Even though I do not have a 4.0 GPA or a 1450 on SAT scores, I still always work my hardest in everything. This does not only go for school, but in everyday situations, even if it as easy as deciding if I should make my bed in the morning or not, and this is all because of my parents. When I was a freshman in high school, I was invited to what was the so called â€Å"biggest ... Free Essays on Family Member Free Essays on Family Member â€Å"A family is one's back bone; one cannot follow a straight path without them.† In every person’s life, there are certain people who are the most significant†¦ people who just seem to stick out more over a crowd. Many may not feel the same way, but in my point of view, family comes first. Who is there for me when the world turns its back? Who supports me and worries about my grades in school and about my future? Who is always there to provide unconditional love for me when no one else is around? Some people still might answer this question with â€Å"friends†, but in my case, I would have to disagree and say that family is the most important in my life. My parents are the only people in the world who will want me to achieve the highest. They are the only ones who encourage me to do my best and to not settle for less. They are also the only people who will tell me the truth about what is happening in my life and how to cope with it. No matter how long one has been friends with certain people, those friends will not want that person to excel much higher than them in everything they do. They will not necessarily let the person know what he/she should be doing at certain points of their life. Parents, on the other hand, will always provide the utmost truth availabl e to their child. I have been brought up to believe that I can achieve anything I put my heart into and that nobody can hold me back from my dreams. My parents have clearly taught me the difference between right and wrong, and good and bad, just like every other parent, but I apply it to my everyday life. Even though I do not have a 4.0 GPA or a 1450 on SAT scores, I still always work my hardest in everything. This does not only go for school, but in everyday situations, even if it as easy as deciding if I should make my bed in the morning or not, and this is all because of my parents. When I was a freshman in high school, I was invited to what was the so called â€Å"biggest ...

Volver, A Separation, The White Ribbon, Tsotsi, Departures, Animal Essay

Volver, A Separation, The White Ribbon, Tsotsi, Departures, Animal Kingdom and The Secret in their Eyes - Essay Example This study highlights that although South Africa’s Johannesburg is more urbane than any other city in Africa, yet the featuring of the neighboring sprawling and (in)famous Soweto slum makes the plot of the movie more plausible. Another instance which reinstates this sense of authenticity is the presentation of large construction pipes which serve as Tsotsi and his gang’s domicile. Otherwise, it would be out of order to speak of Tsotsi’s crime as taking place within Johannesburg. This paper declares that the author also uses special effect filmmaking strategies to make the setting very plausible and congruent with the plot. Specifically, lightning techniques have been used to this effect. In instances where Tsotsi and his gang carry night raids, weak light is used, thereby making the audience believe that such criminal undertakings are nocturnal. Through the use of silhouettes, Tsotsi and his protà ©gà ©s are also densely shadowed, so that they are easily identified as malefactors. The failure to use proper lighting could have portrayed Tsotsi’s criminal exploits as taking place during daytime, and thereby painting Johannesburg as an insecure, crime-riddled city where crimes happen even during broad daylight. Lance Gewer and Gavin Hood as the director and cinematographer respectively showcase their dexterity and ingenuity in filmmaking by making the movie polyglot. The movie consists of languages such as English, Afrikaans, isiXhosa and isiZulu, and thereby rightly painting Johannesburg not only as a polyglot but also a cultural melting pot.

Practice reflections essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Practice reflections - Essay Example An acute ward is a relatively chaotic place with rapid turnover and different levels of psychotic intensity that needs every sane attempt to engage closely with madness. So we can see and hear different behaviors and different stories in a variety of communication patterns. The only thing that an acute nurse maintains is tact and respect to the patient's person to maintain order and avoid abuse in any form. I was struck by the variety of scenes and hope these people will get back to reality and live a normal healthy life. My third placement was at an elderly care where most of them are sick of Alzheimer or Korsakoff syndrome. It was a different scene then. Everything seems to be quite and we seem to get the cooperation of the patients. But we have to make sure we attend to their personal needs and really have to monitor their medications and activities. Alzheimer's disease affects their control for thought, memory, and language and so they have trouble remembering recent events or the names of familiar people or things in their lives. Even the simple tasks of combing their hair or brushing their teeth or even taking a bath are being forgotten by them. They have problems speaking and understanding that they just wander or sit still when their moods are not being aggressive or anxious. I can just smile recalling the repetitive inquiries for my name. I can just smile recalling giving multiple and same line of introductions to these patients. It is like taking care of big babies. The most unpleasant part is cleaning them after they defecate. For sure the smell is not the same as those of the babies. Taking every scene I encountered lightly and with openness of heart and mind will make me want to help them and express forms of sympathy to their medical conditions. I wouldn't want to be a member of these wards, by the grace of God, no. It is too much to bear being a patient and too much emotion of hurt and stress thinking about the provision of care for these patients in the part of the family or relative. Korsakoff's disease level with Alzheimer's in memory loss due to dietary deficiency of Thiamin or Vitamin B1. It creates damage to several brain areas that is critical to memory. All the same they tend to ask your name every encounter. There were numerous staff approaches in maintaining therapeutic treatment and in establishing therapeutic relationship. We have to get their trust and maintain a friendly atmosphere between us so they cannot be too aggressive or violent whenever they dislike something especially with patients placed in the acute wards. I have noted and cared for some patients from the time of their admission until their discharge. In my four weeks assignment placement, I can see that some have come back and was readmitted again. We are being listed for reflections sessions as part of the placement under practice facilitators. At the wards, we also have mentors and been given Practice Based Assignments (PBA) papers. Here we discuss and reflect what we have seen and learned from the ward, an open forum in cases of clarifications of some issues until they get to sign our individual PBA's. For their respective care delivery, we are just observers and taking notes of the medications and techniques on how to inject

Cash in hand Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cash in hand - Assignment Example Mr. Thompson should have minimized his tax liability through legal tax planning whereby the government provides various tools and mechanisms to reduce tax returns such as exemptions, rebates, deductions, and allowances (Gavai 2010). Legal tax planning helps a business to minimize its expenses and thereby reducing its costs of operation and later having long term profits. Therefore, Mr. Thompson should have used other legal means such as low tax rates or other tax benefits that his country offers for investment. The government should ensure that there is tax transparency and ensures that taxes are disclosed to the public. Information sharing and modernization of international tax laws are ways that can reduce tax evasion. Other means of reducing tax evasion include keeping corporate income tax rates low, pursuing international tax information exchange agreements, tightening anti-avoidance rules and also coming up with new tax policies that can help businesses compete (Gavai

The Contingency Of Identity In Trainspotting Philosophy Essay

The Contingency Of Identity In Trainspotting Philosophy Essay The perimeters of someones body are often thought to signify the enclosure of a stable perception of the world. For example, mainstream Western society perceives corporeal limits as the impenetrable barrier between subjectivity and external forces. This model emphasizes the subject as regulator over what external forces influence their subjectivity, and in turn implies that the subject is autonomous in choosing or being her own identity. Philosophical projects such as the Enlightenment and the American dream expound on the Cartesian Isi assertion that anyone has the agency to construct an original, autonomous identity. These philosophies have helped bind Western ontology to a concept of mind over matter. However, 20th century thinkers have challenged this notion. Philosopher and sociologist Michael Foucault posits the body is transformed into an instrument for political power, and that conceptualizing subjectivity as a stable construct is crucial to the preservation of the state For Foucault, any notion of autonomy is an articulation of political agenda. Correspondingly, Psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva shows that restricting subjectivity to an epidermal container oppresses an entire means of understanding subjectivity. Kristeva asks the reader to consider a perception of subjectivity that contingently and provisionally fluctuates in its relation to the bodys perceived borders. She claims subjectivity and the body are entwined in an ontology based on the transgression of borders, not the establishment of them. Instead of agreeing with the Wests claim that citizens conduct their selfhood within epidermal boundaries, Kristeva argues that subjectivity is unstable, fragmented, and dispersed across various relations with the body. Therefore, subjectivity has the capacity to transform and be transformed through engagement with the body. Toward this end, I will investigate the ever-fluctuating bodies and identities in Irvine Welshs multimedia text Trainspotting (Boyle, 1996; Welsh, 1996). The film and novel epitomize the permeable, fluctuating nature of subjectivity as conceived by Kristeva, and thus highlight the fact that selfhood depends on a transgression rather than an establishment of borders. Foucault and Doeile Bodies Michael Foucaults term body politics refers to the practices and policies through which powers of society regulate the human body, as well as the struggle over the degree of individual and social control of the body. Institutional power expressed in government and laws is the power at play in body politics (Body Politics). Foucault says that Western societys false ontology makes citizens think they have stable identities because of the governments regulation of the physical body through institutions and laws. In short, citizens perceive themselves as autonomous subjects because of the states emphasis on hygiene and cleanliness. Foucault says this ontology is the effect of political power, and that any selfhood a proper citizen assumes is an articulation of this power. Associate Professor Nick Mansfield, head of the cultural studies department at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, specializes in Foucaultian theory, and his book on subjectivity lends a nice segue as to how body politics and self-hood coincide: Our philosophies of science, our theories of the organization of society, our sense of morality, purpose and truth all partake of the same emphasis on the individual not only as a social quantity, but as the point where all meaning and value can be judged. This individuality is described as freedom, and we still direct our most serious political ambitions towards perfecting that freedom. It also operates as a duty, however. (60) Foucault focuses on the implicit sense of duty that is entailed with citizenship. He sees civic duty as the submission of ones body to forces of political power. Critically acclaimed Italian political philosopher Giorgio Agamben has stated that one of the most persistent features of Foucaults work is its decisive abandonment of the traditional approach to the problem of power, which is based on juridico-institutional models (the definition of sovereignty, the theory of the State), in favor of an unprejudiced analysis of the concrete ways in which power penetrates subjects very bodies and forms of life (5). Foucaults critical studies of social institutions reveal that institutional surveillance of the body-specifically in delineating what is the clean and proper body-designates citizens corporal existence as a docile state. Foucault supports this claim with his concept of processes of subjectivization, These processes under-thematize and universalize the body until it can be treated as inert or disordered; in other words, until physicality obtains a docile classification. Similarly, as cultural theorist Elizabeth Grosz argues, the body historically has been conceived of as a vehicle for the expression of an otherwise sealed and self-contained, incommunicable psyche. It is through the body that [people] _ .. can receive, code, and translate the inputs of the external world (9). Once I established how a favorable perception of the docility is impressed upon populations, I will discuss how Trainspotting characters refute this platform with their own counter-culture philosophies and behavior. The characters struggle with the implications of properness and duty that Foucault sees as essential to the function of a citizen. They are good examples of the insight that Julia Kristeva gleans from Foucaults work: a society and state that glorifies corporeal purity is thus dependent on sources of misery and degradation in order to have a standard to judge what is clean or unclean, appropriate or unfitting. But first, I will establish how body hygiene becomes such an important factor for citizens to view themselves as autonomous subjects. As mentioned, Foucault points to state institutions that enact processes of subjectivization. Processes of subjectivization refer to government programs that exemplify epidermal perimeters as impenetrable borders that contain the supposed autonomous nature of citizens These processes bring the individual to bind himself to his own identity and consciousness, and, at the same time, to an external power (Agamben 5). Mansield elucidates, in our fantasy of autonomous selfhood, we normally imagine our subjectivity to be identified with the uniqueness and separateness of our individual bodies. We draw an imaginary line around the perimeters of our bodies and define our subjectivity as the unique density of matter contained within that line. When we operate in society as voters, taxpayers, welfare recipients and consumers, our identity seems to be married to this autonomy: we front up for interviews, check ups and interrogations as the content of our bodies. (82) The tangible presence bodies provide people with is taken to be absolute and final validation of who they are. When someone appears for a doctors appointment or a cotut trial she ceases being a name on a paper and appears as herself These processes of subjectivization imply not only the notion that someones tangible borders give them a real identity, but also that that identity maintains its own agency. When analyzing state systems from Foucaults perspective, it becomes apparent that citizenship designates citizens as autonomous. Foucault insists that when institutions seek to control and know the subject, they manipulate the body, fixing it strictly in place, watching and measuring it; this in turn gives citizens the sense that they are anything but a carefully monitored, social denomination. But in reality, the state has a vested interest in its citizens health that is expressed by institutional programs emphasis on autonomy. Through subjectivization processes, an inherent notion of cleanliness is attached in the definition of citizen, and the upkeep of clean borders is expected to entail some sort of autonomy. In contrast, Foucault claims that institutions endorsing corporeal cleanliness ensures a specific type of docility in the citizenry. If citizens believe that they are the agents merely because of their hygiene, then the institutions have succeeded in transforming its citizens bodies into inert entities that can be prescribed or delineating in any way the state sees fit. The sense of autonomy is therefore revealed to preserve state power. Foucaults second example of subjectivization processes, that of policing strategies, explains this more explicitly. Foucault states that the laws of the penal system, which were once isolated in the form of a public event (e.g.: a criminal dismembered in the marketplace), have become instilled into normative ontology with the creation of prisons. Firstly, the prison does not simply incarcerate people arbitrarily. It depends on a system of proper proceedings that in turn must be justified by codes of law or legal precedent. When someone is convicted of a crime, she or he goes from being a person to being a phenomenon. As a type, the individual becomes subject to analysis according to scientific models. Questions begin to be asked, like, what personality traits make this person a criminal? What social conditions lead to his or her crime? Here, the individual is not free and autonomous, but the focal point of larger forces, analyzed by systems of knowledge in what they claim is impartial truth (Lyon 7). Foucault uses the prison model of liberal economist and social reformer Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) to help explain the casual yet compulsory paranoid lifestyle that is instilled in prisons and reflected in society. According to Foucault, the panopticon is typical of the processes of subjectivization that govern modern life. A panopticon is a circular prison with an empty area in the middle where a guard tower is placed. All of the prisoners cell face inward, and one guard can effectively keep survelliance over all the inmates at once. Furthermore, is an opaque sheet of one-way visible glass is installed in the guard tower, the guard herself would not have to necessarily be present to enact a monitoring system. Likewise, state power organizes the population into individual units that are then subject to monitoring in a system of maximum visibility through implicit accountability. This works most effectively in institutions where schools, hospitals, banks, and departments of social security and tax all keep files on us. People forget about these records, or accept them as a necessary and inevitable part of institutions operations (Lyon 8-9). However, these files are our effective social reality, and contain truths about us that can be manipulated outside of our control. These files and the truth they contain are not our property, and they enhance the state of docility imposed on citizens bodies. Foucault believes that power and the knowledge coincide to ensure the state maintains its docile influence, and in turn preserves its efficiency. Therefore, every institution operates according to its own theories of peoples subjectivity: the unruly adolescent, the remedial reader, the hysterical patient, the credit risk-these are all types of subjectivity that people may or may not occupy, sometimes without even knowing it. Every institution has classes of persons into which everyone who deals with them is distributed. The apparently simple and necessary logic of this categorisation-it is not a conspiracy to oppress us, our common sense says, how could these institutions operate otherwise?- already separates us from one another, isolating us, opening up and closing off opportunities, destining us for certain rewards and punishments. The system of truth on which each institution depends is always already a power at work on us. (Mansfield 62) Thus, individuality is not the highest expression of human life, but the thing social institutions need people to feel they are, so that people remain vulnerable to the truths the state has contrived for its own efficiency. As a result, the self constantly problematizes its place in the world and its relationship to others and to inherited codes of behavior. Therefore, the subject does not simply rely on some unknowable of pure natural subjectivity, but rather produces itself endlessly as a response to its relationship to other and to its cultural and historical context (Mansfield 63). Foucaults ideas encourage an earnestly skeptical attitude towards subjectivity, one that is embodied in Trainspottings main character, Mark Renton. Renton can be seen as anti- subjective because he sees any statement that claims to speak the truth about human subjectivity as an imposition, a technique of power and social administration. Renton voices his reservations: Society invents spurious convoluted logic tae absorb and change people whaes behaviour is outside its mainstream. Suppose that ah knew the pros and cons, know that ahm gaunnae hav a short life, am ay sotmd mind, etcetera, etcetera, but still want tae use smack? They wont let ya dae it. They wont let ye dae it, because its seen as a sign of thair ain failure. The fact is ye jist simply choose tae reject whit they huv tae offer. Choose us. Choose life. Choose mortgage payments; choose washing machines; choose cars; choose sitting on a couch watching mind-numbing and spirit-crushing game shows, stufting fuckin junk food intae yir mooth. Choose rotting away, pishing and shiteing yersel in a home, a total fuckin embarrassment tae the selfish, fucked-up brats yeve produced. Choose life. Well, ah choose no tae choose life. If the cunts cant handle that, its thair fuckin problem (Welsh 187-9). Renton, like Foucault, sees subjectivity as a mode of social organization and administration. For Renton, the state is inherently dependent on its citizens to cultivate a notion of sanctity regarding their lives. Upon this foundation of natural life, the State builds concepts of morality and truth that are articulations of power structures (Agamben 2). Therefore, Renton and his mates seek a subjectivity that does not privilege the sanctity of life. As actor and critic Lewis MacLeod puts it, Welshs characters are not at all interested in the rule of parasite politicians (Welsh 228). Instead they operate on a highly idiosyncratic cultural logic that frequently inverts conventional values (90). The characters experimental subjectivity prioritizes desire and addiction as the most important achievements in life, and the screenplays adaptation of the above quote l elucidates this point. ln the theatrical version, Renton explains: Choose rotting away, pishing and shiteing yersel in a home, a total fuckin embarrassment tae the selfish, fucked up brats that youve spawned to replace yourselves . But why would I want to do a thing like that? I chose not to choose life. I chose somethin else. And the reasons? There are no reasons. Who needs reasons when youve got heroin? Renton has lost faith in any type of subjectivity, and considers a life on heroin just as pointless as a life of gainful employment. From a Foucaultian perspective his reasoning can obtain some credence in that institutions will inevitably wrest all agency away from its citizens. It is interesting to note Welshs novels title describes a pointless exercise enacted within societys establishments. Renton can clearly see the absurdity of society and the meaninglessness of his life, yet his choice is ultimately self-defeating, for as the title of the book suggests, heroin addiction, like trainspotting grown men watching locomotives and noting their identification numbers -is effectively a pointless exercise (Bishop 221-22). Similarly, in Peter Corliss review of the cinematic adaptation of Trainspotting, Welsh and John Hodge explain the importance of the metaphor: Trainspotting, Welsh explains, is the compulsive collection of locomotive engine numbers from the British railway system. But you cant do anything with the numbers once youve collected them. Says Hodge, who culled the brilliant screenplay from Welshs anecdotal novel. Its a nice metaphor for doing something that gives your life a bit of structure but its ultimately pointless. So is the intravenous injection of drugs a palpable pleasure that wastes time, and often, life (85). In his PhD Doctorate entitled The Diminished Subject, Professor Geoffrey Bishop looks at the T rainspotting texts to see how the characters attempt to exercise a new type of subjectivity. Bishop writes, For Renton, heroin use is a determinedly philosophical decision to adopt a counter-discursive practice in order to retreat from a society that makes him an outsider, and threatens his attempts to simplify his existence (ZI9). As I shall show in the following analysis, through the selfish pleasure of drug use Renton attempts to avoid the docility that Foucault talks about In an interview with film critic Andrew OHagan, it is apparent that T rainspotting s director and screenwriter were not attempting to display Kristevas theories in their film. But, as I will discuss, the filmic adaptation of the novel lends itself very well to Kristevian philosophy. Kristeva, Posthumanist Practice, and Trainspotting Julia Kristeva argues that subjectivity depends on someones relation to outside forces. Kristevas ontology is based on a transgression, rather than an establishment, of borders. Likewise, the bodies in Trainsporting illustrate a significant alternative to traditional conceptions of the body as stable and self-contained. I propose that the film calls for a critical approach that attends to bodies as products and producers of posthuman discourses. Posthumanist practice questions the genealogy of moral norms rather than accepting and perpetuating them, and much of Kristevas theory is an enactment of posthuman discourse. In critical theory, the posthuman is a speculative being that represents or seeks to enact a re-writing of what is generally conceived of as human. Posthumanist criticism critically questions Renaissance humanism, which is a branch of humanist philosophy that claims human nature is a universal state from which the human being emerges, and it stresses that human nature is autonomous, rational, capable of free will, and unified in itself as the apex of existence. Thus, the posthuman recognizes imperfectability and disunity within him or herself Instead of a humanist perspective, a posthuman perception understands the world through context and heterogeneous perspectives while maintaining intellectual rigor and a dedication to objective observations of the world. Key to this posthuman practice is the ability to fluidly change perspectives and manifest oneself through different identities. The posthuman, for critical theorists of the subject, has an emergent ontology rather than a stable one; in other words, the posthuman is not a singular, defined individual, but rather one who can become or embody different identities and understand the world from multiple, heterogeneous perspectives (Haraway 3). In what follows, I discuss how body fluids in the film illustrate the instability of corporeal limits as conceived by Julia Kristeva and Judith Butler. Through the lens of these theorists, the characters in Trainspotting can become producers of posthurnan discourses. But tirst, I will briefly discuss the critical reception of the film, inasmuch as responses to it characterize the kind of moralizing judgment that so often I denies another perception like Kristevas. _ In 1996, Danny Boyles film adaptation of Irvine Welshs bestselling novel became the highest grossing British-made film in the United Kingdom in history (Callahan 39). Although other films have addressed the subject of heroin addiction most have done so from a stance of such moral disdain that the characters became little more than exaggerations of an addicted underclass that remains safely Other to mainstream film audiences. In contrast, Trainspotting, even though it portrays the desperation and horrors of drug addiction, the film never grants its audience the privilege of certain moral judgment. It invites audiences to engage with its characters in their own world as they struggle between the desperate need and the always- temporary satisfaction that characterizes life on heroin. The cinematic release of Trainspozling came right after a controversial trend in the fashion industry known as heroin chic, a trend that earned its name by popularizing images of thin, glassy-eyed models who were apparently strung-out in dirty bathrooms or cheap, dingy motels (Craik 19). President Clinton even raised the issue in a widely reported address to magazine editors, charging that the glorification of heroin is not creative Its destructive. Its not beautiful. It is ugly. And this is not about art. Its about life and death. And glorifying death is not good for any society (Clinton). Cultural critic Henry Giroux describes the images associated with heroin chic as nothing more than inspiration for a type of cultural slumming that produces attitudes and actions in which well-to-do yuppies aestheticize the pain and suffering of underprivileged youths (27). Some critics have made similar claims about Trainspotting. One reviewer, for example, said the film belongs to an unoriginal, voyeuristic genre that caters to an addiction to addiction- watching (Kauffmann 38). Other critics dismiss the film and other such films as mere slumfests for the bored upper classes, virtual petting zoos they can visit anytime they want to feel like theyre down with the kids (Callahan 39). Although the films graphic portrayal of self- depravation and misery is at times difficult to watch, other critics claim that the films uncritical, even sympathetic portrayal of junkies overtly glamorizes heroin use. Despite the fact that such arguments allude to possible real world dangers of drug culture and the celebration of its images, they remain anchored in a discourse of negativity. They designate the rhetorical critic to the psychoanalytic position of searching for a lack, whether it is of morals, health, or life. In other words, such arguments can only analyze the  ¬Ã‚ lm based on its failure to do something it presumably should do: adhere to moral norms. A moral argument based on whether Trainspotting does or does not glamorize heroin useand whether or not that is good or badneglects a compelling line of analysis: how the pervasive physicality of the  ¬Ã‚ lm functions rhetorically. The  ¬Ã‚ lmmakers are careful to illustrate both the pain and the pleasure of heroin use, but this evenhandedness seems less the depiction of a moral judgment than an investigation or even a meditation on the transgression of boundaries. Indeed, in an interview, director Damiy Boyle says that the  ¬Ã‚ lm is about being a transgressor Its about doing something that everybody says will kill youyou will kill yourself And the thing that nobody understands is, its not that you dont hear that message, its just that its irrelevant. The  ¬Ã‚ lm isnt about heroin. Its about an attitude, and thats why we wanted the  ¬Ã‚ lm to pulse, to pulse like you do in your twenties (Callahan 39). This pulsing, or this incessant transgressing that Boyle refers to provides a key metaphor for this discussion of corporeality in Trainspotting. A pulse is not characterized by stability or even an interplay between opposite forces. Rather, a pulse is a constant  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uctuation, what William Burroughs describes as an interdependent relationship between systolic and diastolic movement (Naked Lunch iii). It is in this sense that I conceive of transgression not as an eradication or a crossing of boundaries, but as a recon ¬Ã‚ guration that occurs through continual engagement and response. Bodies connecting and expanding within an economy of bodily  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uids enact the pulse of the  ¬Ã‚ lm. Bodily Refuse and Identity Julia Kristevas theoretical work on the concept of abj ection has done much to trouble a humanist conception of the discrete, autonomous individual. According to the Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus, abjection means a state of misery or degradation. Kristeva develops this de ¬Ã‚ nition of the abject by arguing that the signi ¬Ã‚ cance of abj ection lies in its role as an operation through which we continually distinguish ourselves as individuals. She describes abject as a jettisoned object that is opposed to 1 and is radically excluded; the abject draws me toward the place where meaning collapses (Powers 1-2). For example, an image of the emaciated body of a person living with AIDS may evoke sympathy, or in, in some cases, fear, but it also ful ¬Ã‚ lls the role of the abject, infected Other that enables the healthy to feel clean, vital, and even morally superior. Similarly, the starving bodies of third-world countries serve as boundaries or limits that contribute to this countrys sense of nationhood. According to this logic, American identity depends on what America precisely is not (Debrix 1 158). Kristevas notion of a disorganized, abject body challenging the concept of order itself aids to an understanding of Trainspotting in which the characters experiment with a unique ontology based on the transgression of corporeal terms. Rather than quietly remaining outside of the mainstream at designated margins, the abject, as the heroin bodies exhibited in Trainspotting, breaks apart the sanctity and homogeneity of rational public space. Kristeva indicates that bodily boundaries are never  ¬Ã‚ nal and neither are the identities that depend on them. She argues that the self depends on the abject to constitute its border, to be that which lies outside, beyond the set (Powers 2). But she also notes that from its place of banishment, the abject does not cease challenging its master (Powers 2). In this sense, the abject Other never remains at the margins. The abject never remains stagnant, creating stable boundaries for the self. Kristeva thus introduces a dynamism into the concept of identity that depends on a subjects ability to recognize and reject the abject asit gets articulated and rearticulated through the selfs interaction with the Other. In other words, the Cartesian I becomes destabilized to the extent that the humanist emphasis on the mind/body split has been sufficiently troubled with regard to how we construct or acquire a sense of self. Foucault shows how someones perceived autonomy is often merely an extension of state power, and this is important when observing how the characters in Trainspotting both celebrate and struggle for the release of moral or hygienic ideologies that treat them as docile bodies. As Bishop has recently noted, Although Trainspotting was attacked for romanticising drug use, glamorising heroin chic, and over the validity of Welshs description of heroin addiction, such literalist readings not only failed to see past the subject matter, they ignored the possibility of political and philosophical content (219). Kristeva suggests an ontology that is grounded in relations to others rather than in the conscious mind, and when her theories are used in an analysis of Trainspotting they can certainly produce philosophical insight into the concept of subjectivity. Judith Butler links much of her work in Bodies that Matter to Kristevas consideration of the abject. Our self-identi ¬Ã‚ cation, Butler argues, operates within what she calls an exclusionary matrix that relates subjects and necessitates a simultaneous production of a domain of abject beings, those who are not yet subjects, but who form the constitutive outside to the domain of the subject (3 ). She agrees with Kristeva that the abject zone of uninhabitability that de ¬Ã‚ nes the boundaries of the subject will constitute that site of dreaded identi ¬Ã‚ cation against which and by virtue of whichthe domain of the subject will circumscribe its own claim to autonomy and to life (3). However, Butler builds upon Kristevas argument with a point that is essential for this discussion of the abject bodies in Trainspotting. According to Butler, the abjected through abj ection instead of inherently possessing autonomy. Therefore, Renton can be seen as existential explorer of subjectivity, and there are no guarantees in this novel, no happy endings, and no transcendence of the characters into holistic self-present subjects (Bishop 223). g Although Butlers introduction of permeability is helpful, I want to offer another important perspective before continuing. Butler posits a concept of subjectivity based on the repudiation of abj ection. As I have suggested and will explore further throughout this discussion, subjects in the  ¬Ã‚ lm do not and cannot sufficiently negate the abject. Rather, the abject is integral to pulsing-or, what William S. Burroughs might call a constant state of kicking-on which subjectivity depends (Junky xvi). Trainspotting s Alternative Subjectivity The cinematic adaptation of Trainspotting has some key scenes that should elucidate the ontological force of abjection. Depictions of body  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uids in the  ¬Ã‚ lm illustrate the  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uctuating, permeable corporeality that Butler describes. The  ¬Ã‚ lm seems to attack any trace of morality or cleanliness inherent in Foucaults analysis, as images abound of body  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uids contaminating spaces in the most inappropriate of manners. Film critic Andrew OHagan notes that for the young characters shi

UHH YES :: essays research papers

Jordan's offense proved less critical than his presence. (AP) more photos Wizards cruise in Jordan's return The Wizards didn't need an A game from Michael Jordan to win convincingly in his return. Jordan returned to the lineup earlier than expected, scoring seven points in 16 minutes of Washington's 107-75 rout of host Denver. Jordan received a loud ovation when he got off the bench late with 2:55 left in the first -- his first appearance as a reserve since April 5, 1986. He wore a protective sleeve, but didn't seem to favor his knee at all. Jordan's two baskets matched Shaquille O'Neal's output from the field in the Lakers' 108-90 loss at San Antonio. College Hoops Extravaganza Clark Kellogg Exclusive Analysis Tournament Tracker Live Audio and Stats Follow multiple games at the same time! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tournament Pick'em presented by TUMS Check your bracket More Coverage  · News | Headquarters  · Brackets | Scoreboard  · TSN Bracket Packet  · TheInsiders.com News  · Slideshow | Gallery  · Chat | Message Boards  · Championship Gear Top Stories Fantasy Sports - Chrysler Fantasy Golf - Baseball | More Baxter stripped of bronze medal - Olympics Woods looking for repeat at TPC - Golf Caminiti pleads guilty to cocaine charge - MLB Capriati, Seles join U.S. Fed Cup team - Tennis Jordan returns, Wizards win - NBA Girl hit by puck died from artery damage - NHL Kidd leads Nets past Trail Blazers 97-82 - NBA Duncan leads Spurs to rout of Lakers - NBA Bender fired as Washington coach - NCAA Men's Basketball Syracuse advances to NIT semifinals - NCAA Men's Basketball headlines updated at Thu Mar 21 09:18:55 2002 Broadcast & Chat Events Media NBA Highlights - Sports Talk Radio - View Slideshow - Photo Gallery - What's on Today - NCAA Wrestling Championships: Okla. St. - 11 am ET NCAA Men's Hoops: Indiana vs. Duke - 6:30 pm ET (national feed) NCAA Men's Hoops: Arizona vs. Oklahoma - 7:25 pm ET NASCAR: Raybestos Fast Talk with Benny Parsons - 7 pm ET (Real | Windows Media) more broadcast events... Expert Columns More Events - Figure Skating Features - Sports Community - Sports Buzz Index - Buy Tickets | Calendar - Transactions | Odds Daily Trivia - Sports Trivia Games - Quote of the Day Ladies first - Frank Deford, Sports Illustrated

Ancient China Summary Essay

Ancient China Essay By: Zach Ellwood Summary There were four great dynasties in Ancient China; the Han, Shang, Qin, and Zhou. Some of the Shang accomplishments were set up an empire, and started the â€Å"Mandate of Heaven. †The Zhou Dynasty set up a Feudal System and started the Great Wall. The Qin Dynasty extended the Great Wall and standardized coins, weights and measures. The Han Dynasty accomplished more things than the other dynasties, they invented paper, the seismograph, set up the Silk Road, started exams for civil service and finished the Great Wall.Thesis Statement; Although the other dynasties were great, the Han Dynasty was the greatest. Support Paragraph Although the other dynasties were great, the Han Dynasty was the greatest. The Han Dynasty was the greatest because they accomplished more things than the other dynasties, they invented paper, the seismograph, set up the Silk Road, started exams for civil service and finished the Great Wall. The Qin and Zhou Dyna sties failed to complete the Great Wall.The Han Dynasty’s philosophy was a mixture of Confucianism and Legalism making ruler Wu Di and Gau Zu really respected and powerful leaders. Ruler Qin Shi-Huang Di only used Legalism so he was more powerful than respected and Confucias only used Confucianism so he was more respected than powerful. The Han Dynasty also improved Chinese writing. The Shang Dynasty made a simpler not as good writing system called pictographs. Conclusion Paragraph There were four great dynasties in Ancient China; the Han, Shang, Qin, and Zhou.Some of the Shang accomplishments were set up an empire, and started the â€Å"Mandate of Heaven. †The Zhou Dynasty set up a Feudal System and started the Great Wall. The Qin Dynasty extended the Great Wall and standardized coins, weights and measures. The Han Dynasty accomplished more things than the other dynasties, they invented paper, the seismograph, set up the Silk Road, started exams for civil service and finished the Great Wall. That is why the Han Dynasty is the greatest.

Free Essays on The Roots Of Communist China

To say that the Chinese Communist revolution is a non-Western revolution is more than a clich‚. That revolution has been primarily directed, not like the French Revolution but against alien Western influences that approached the level of domination and drastically altered China's traditional relationship with the world. Hence the Chinese Communist attitude toward China's traditional past is selectively critical, but by no means totally hostile. The Chinese Communist revolution, and the foreign policy of the regime to which it has given rise, have several roots, each of which is embedded in the past more deeply than one would tend to expect of a movement seemingly so convulsive. The Chinese superiority complex institutionalized in their tributary system was justified by any standards less advanced or efficient than those of the modern West. China developed an elaborate and effective political system resting on a remarkable cultural unity, the latter in turn being due mainl y to the general acceptance of a common, although difficult, written language and a common set of ethical and social values, known as Confucianism. Traditional china had neither the knowledge nor the power that would have been necessary to cope with the superior science, technology, economic organization, and military force that expanding West brought to bear on it. The general sense of national weakness and humiliation was rendered still keener by a unique phenomenon, the modernization of Japan and its rise to great power status. Japan's success threw China's failure into sharp remission. The Japanese performance contributed to the discrediting and collapse of China's imperial system, but it did little to make things easier for the subsequent successor. The Republic was never able to achieve territorial and national unity in the face of bad communications and the widespread diffusion of modern arms throughout the country. Lacking internal authority, it did... Free Essays on The Roots Of Communist China Free Essays on The Roots Of Communist China To say that the Chinese Communist revolution is a non-Western revolution is more than a clich‚. That revolution has been primarily directed, not like the French Revolution but against alien Western influences that approached the level of domination and drastically altered China's traditional relationship with the world. Hence the Chinese Communist attitude toward China's traditional past is selectively critical, but by no means totally hostile. The Chinese Communist revolution, and the foreign policy of the regime to which it has given rise, have several roots, each of which is embedded in the past more deeply than one would tend to expect of a movement seemingly so convulsive. The Chinese superiority complex institutionalized in their tributary system was justified by any standards less advanced or efficient than those of the modern West. China developed an elaborate and effective political system resting on a remarkable cultural unity, the latter in turn being due mainl y to the general acceptance of a common, although difficult, written language and a common set of ethical and social values, known as Confucianism. Traditional china had neither the knowledge nor the power that would have been necessary to cope with the superior science, technology, economic organization, and military force that expanding West brought to bear on it. The general sense of national weakness and humiliation was rendered still keener by a unique phenomenon, the modernization of Japan and its rise to great power status. Japan's success threw China's failure into sharp remission. The Japanese performance contributed to the discrediting and collapse of China's imperial system, but it did little to make things easier for the subsequent successor. The Republic was never able to achieve territorial and national unity in the face of bad communications and the widespread diffusion of modern arms throughout the country. Lacking internal authority, it did...

Creating a Spinning Steel Wool Sparkler

Creating a Spinning Steel Wool Sparkler Steel wool, like all metals, burns when enough energy is supplied. Its a simple oxidation reaction, like rust formation, except faster.  This is the basis for the thermite reaction, but its even easier to burn a metal when it has a lot of surface area. Heres a fun fire science project where you  spin burning steel wool to create a fantastic sparkler effect. Its simple  and makes an ideal subject for science photographs. Spinning Steel Wool Sparkler Materials You can get these materials at just about any store. If you have a choice of steel wool pads, go for ones with thin fibers, since these burn the best. a pad of steel woolwire whiskheavy string or a light rope9-volt battery What You Do Gently pull apart the steel wool a bit to increase the space between the fibers. This allows more air to circulate, improving the effect.Put the steel wool inside the wire whisk.Attach a string to the end of the whisk.Wait until dusk or dark and find a clear, fire-safe area. When you are ready, touch both terminals of the 9-volt battery to the steel wool. The electrical short will ignite the wool. It will smolder and glow, not burst into flame, so dont be too concerned.Clear the area around you, hold the rope, and start spinning it. The faster you spin it, the more air youll get to feed the combustion reaction.To stop the sparkler, stop spinning the rope. You can dunk the whisk in a bucket of water to make sure its completely extinguished and to cool the metal. Taking a Great Spinning Steel Wool Photograph The effect can be used to produce truly amazing images. For a quick and simple picture, just use your cell phone. Turn off the flash and set the exposure for a few seconds or longer, if that is an option. For a serious photograph you can proudly display on your wall: Use a tripod.Choose a low ISO like 100 or 200, since there is a lot of light.Select an exposure time from a few seconds up to 30 seconds.For really cool effects, work on a reflective surface, like water, or spin the steel wool inside a tunnel or arch. If the area is enclosed, the sparks will outline it in your photo. Safety Its fire, so this is an adult-only project. Perform the project on a beach or in a parking lot or some other place free from flammable material. Its a good idea to wear a hat to protect your hair from stray sparks and glasses to protect your eyes. Need more excitement? Try breathing fire!