3107 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

3107 - Term Paper Example Good infrastructure is between nations have also encouraged international trade. The infrastructures such as those that enhance transport and communication have been regarded as the core determinants of a country development and therefore different nations have invested in them to encourage investors. The forces of demand and supply are the main drive for the international trade. Countries do have special products and services that they do produce in bulkiness and at low cost (Lecture notes chapter 1). These qualities gives the country the power to have a market share in the world market where the sell their commodities. The benefit accrued from the global trade is that the country can get access of the surplus produce and can fill in the deficit of commodities that is unable to produce at a cheaper cost. Development of the information and communication technology across the globe is also a boost to the international trade as people from different regions of the world can do business regardless of the geographical distances. The increase in trade between two or more countries has also been affected by the international production. Countries have been moving their units of production to countries other countries as seen by the U.S.A firms shifting to China. The reasons for international production are mainly for cost reduction. Firms may move their industries to other countries where the main raw materials are readily available. Setting an industries in the base where raw materials are readily available helps the industry to cut the cost of production by cutting out the cost related to the transportation of the raw materials to the production site. Industries are also shifting to countries where the labor cost is cheap. Most of the international firms from the west are setting up industries in the third world countries where the labor cost is cheap. Cheap labor leads to low production cost and therefore the investors finds advantage of setting up firms in

Reviewer Prelims Essay Example for Free

Reviewer Prelims Essay Limitations to Economic Models Models: an abstract generalization of how relevant facts actually relate to one another. simplified pictures of reality 1. Liberal Use of Assumptions 2. Ceteris Paribus – Everything else remains constant 3. Short Run – Long Run Short Run is a time range within which output can be adjusted only by changing the amounts of variable inputs remain unchanged. Long run is a time period that is long enough to permit changes in all inputs both fixed variable. ** Fixed – constant/doesn’t change ** Variable – varies 4. The Use of Graph Visual representations of the relationship between 2 variables. ** Cartesian Plane – Rene Descartes Y axis – Independent|Cause X axis – Dependent|Effect Approaches 1. Positive based on facts use to describe an occurrence of an event objective answ. the question, What is? Or What will be? 2. Normative based on opinion subjective / judgmental predictive answ. the question, What ought to be? Or What should be? Branches of Economics MACRO broad birds eye view aggregate demand and supply contributions made by different sectors in the economy MICRO small / individual particular / specific demand and supply detailed close-up view – Implications of Scarcity 1. The need to make choice a. Opportunity b. Benefit or Punishment c. Value Judgment Opinion 2. Rationing Device 3. Competition Four Economic Resources Capital – physical or human capital Land – natural resources (surface | beneath) Labor – blue collar or white collar – is an effort – human skills Entrepreneur – 4 functions: Initiative Business Policy Innovator Risk Taker 1. Availability of Resources Products Goods – tangible Services – intangible Two Parties – producer – demanders (customers) 2. Level of Production Two Approaches – Mkt. Aggregation (macro) Mkt. Segmentation (micro) 3. Manner, Methods and Techniques Procedure of Productions 3 Methods a. Capital – Intensive (capital labor) b. Labor – Intensive (labor capital) c. Intermediate – Production (capital = labor) 4. Target Clients / Customer 2 Methods a. Direct (modern) Networking and Direct Selling b. Indirect (traditional) Manufacturer ïÆ'   Advertiser ïÆ'   Wholesaler ïÆ'   Retailers ïÆ'   Consumer 5. Price – reasonable Profitable ïÆ'   Producers ïÆ'   Profit ïÆ'   Cost Affordable ïÆ'   Consumers ïÆ'   Cost Basic Economic Activities 1. Production Inputs ïÆ'   Procedures ïÆ'   Outputs Classification of Products 1. Basic 2. Luxury 3. Public 4. Free 5. Economic Needs 2. Distribution – Reach Two Methods of Distribution a. Non-conventional – cheapest but slowest b. Conventional – expensive but fast 3. Exchange Barter Sytem Medium of Exhange Legal Tender – Philippine peso Non-legal tender – Foreign currency COMMUNICATIONS Communication Commun (oe) Communis – common Communicare – to share Communication Effectiveness Words – 7% Non-Verbal – 93% : Vocal – 38% | Visual – 55% Vocal rate: phasing of voice voice quality voice pitch Visual oculesics (sight) haptics (touch) kinetics (body movement) accecories chronemics olfactics (hearing) proxemics (special) ** Public Domain ** General Knowledge **Jargons – the technical terminology or characteristics idiom of a special activity or group. Communication Barrier 1. Poor word choice 2. Differing connotations 3. Inappropriate inferences (conclusions) 4. Grammar, Spelling, Punctuation and sentence structure 5. Wrong type of message 6. Poor appearance of the sender of the oral message 7. Poor appearance of written message 8. Distracting environmental factors 9. Receiver incapable of receiving message 10. Poor listening 11. Lack of interest 12. Lack of knowledge needed to understand 13. Different cultural perceptions 14. Language difficulty 15. Emotional state 16. Bias SOCIOLOGY Capacity to shift from one perspective to another Self-experience ïÆ'   wider society Self-centric views ïÆ'   acceptance and understanding of others History of Sociology 19th century French revolution * democratic views starts to sprung Industrialization * capitalist vs. laborers * rise of machinery * social-problems Scientific revolution Pioneers of Sociology 1. Auguste Comte Father of sociology Coined the term socio(companion) and logy(study) 2. Herbert Spencer â€Å"Society is a product of evolution† Social Darwinism influenced him Sociobiologist were not accepted in modern society 3. Karl Marx Employed sociological inquiry with himself Conflict perspective History of the have and have nots 4. Emile Durkheim Father of Modern Sociology Social facts The degree of social integration 5. Max Weber Contradicting the political and economic ideas of Karl Marx Social interaction concept â€Å"rise of Protestantism was a major contributor to the progress of capitalism and industrialization† Culture – way of life Material and Non-material culture Beliefs and traditions Modern/popular culture – personality Social Perspectives: 1. Social Funtionalist Theory Functionalists believe that society is held together by social consensus, in which members of the society agree upon, and work together to achieve, what is best for society as a whole. 2. Social Interaction Theory (symbolic interactionalism which focuses on how people act according to their interpretations of the meaning of their world. 3. Social Conflict theory which focuses on the negative, conflicted, ever-changing nature of society. THEOLOGY Living Like Jesus The Jesus of history and of being human Living like Jesus is COMPLICATED and PROBLEMATIC because of his supernatural state It is a HUGE responsibility to live like him FOUR R’s 1. Rebel A non-conformist; who do not abide He was defiant He was extraordinary because of his differing beliefs 2. Reformist A person who goes for something better 3. Revolutionary A dreamer and an active worker Doesn’t leave anything to chance Never works alone 4. Radical Who do not think and act like the rest Someone who challenges a particular order Jesus was RADICAL-MINDED, LIBERAL-MINDED and PRACTICAL-MINDED Liberating A HERO who is DARING A carpenter Analytical Pragmatic Innovator Jesus’s time Gross injustice that was fed by monstrous greed Impoverished sufferings Patriarchal culture Jesus was BREAKTHROUGH-MINDED Broke away from the way people think during his time MORALITY – value Something that is important to us Actions are always a product of choices Exclusive to human actions Human beings are rational beings Reasoning is a product of intelligence 3 Font principles of Christian Morality 1. Person 2. Context 3. Acts and Consequences Order means survival Survival is everybody’s interest Society comes together to create a system of support If one’s freedom ends, somebody’s freedom begins Co-existence demands Respect Christianity is a success story Thought-fullness People find ways to co-exist with one another People make agreement and collective decisions to have ORDER in the community Order is beauty and beauty is life ** Schechems, Samaria At the well of Schechem he met a woman Ostrasize – excluded/isolated; nobody relates to you ** The Rational being is the Moral Being Base from FREEDOM A moral person is someone who is free to do what he/she likes(chooses to do) for as long as he/she does not infringe Infringe – violates the freedom of others Freedom is not absolute Responsible Freedom – freedom is a responsibility Penology â€Å"penal† ENGLISH Business English Communicative Competence Knowledge of the Language Ability to use the Language Writing Speaking Listening Reading Tasks: 1. Types of Letters 2. â€Å"Simulated Company† Name Logo Slogan/motto Nature of Business Vision/Mission 3. Business Application Letter Curriculum Vitae Bio-data Resume Standard Formal English No errors No contractions Correct tenses Diction Mechanics Spelling Abbreviations Capitalizations Syllabications Punctuations ** Simulation business / company Social Responsibility ** Figures of Speech = Tropes Parts of a Letter: 1. Date Line. The month, day, and year the letter is typed. 2. Inside Address. The name and address of the person to whom the letter is being sent. 3. Salutation. An opening greeting such as Dear Ms. Jones. 4. Body. The text of the letter. 5. Complimentary Closing. A closing to the letter such as Sincerely or Yours truly. 6. Signature. The writers signature. 7. Writers Identification. The writers typed name and address. FILIPINO Masining / Malikhaing Pagpapahayag Inilipat sa GEC s2004 Dating Retorika na ayon sa CHED memo #59, s1996 Mga Paksa: 1. Kalikasan at simula ng Retorika 2. Masining na pagpapahayag (pasulat at pasalita) 3. Kritikal na pagbasa sa mga sulatin 4. Pagsulat ng 4 na uri ng pagpapahayag Pagsasalaysay Paglalarawan Paglalahad Pangangatwiran 2 uri ng Pagpapahayag: 1. Traditional 2. Conventional (makabago) Talambuhay: 1. Talambuhay ng sarili 2. Talambuhay ng ibang tao Paksa: 1. Paksa 2. Pagkalap ng impormasyon 3. Pagbabalangkas 4. Pagbasa 5. Muling pagsulat 6. Publikasyon/paglilimbay Paraan – istilo, wika , karakter, angkop sa bumabasa, angkop sa tema, paglalarawan ng karakter Dipinisyon 1. Maanyong Dipinisyon – uri/klase 2. Dipinisyong Pasanaysay Kontrasyon ** Retorika – magaling na tagapagsalita Classical Greek Rethoric 1. Corax – Ama ng Greek Rhetoric Bahagi ng Talunmpati 1. Proem 2. Narrative/Narration 3. Statement of Argument 4. Refutation/opposing argument 5. Summary/Conclusion ** Proem – pagpapakilala sa nilalaman ng talumpati ** Summary – buong punto o buod ng paksa 2. Tisias – estudyante ni Corax Bahagi ng Talumpati 1. Prologue 2. Narrative 3. Argument 4. Epilogue ** Prologue – pagkuha sa atensyon ng takapakinig habang sinasabi ang introduksyon 3. Aristotle Bahagi ng Talumpati 1. Exordium 2. Narratio 3. Divisio (argument) 4. Confirmatio (affirmative) 5. Confutatio (refutation) 6. Conclusio ** Exordium – pagkakaroon ng interaksyon sa tagapagsalita at sa takapakinig mula sa introduksyon Medieval Rhetoric 1. Cicero 5 Canons of Rhetoric 1. Inventio (invention) 2. Despositio (arrangement) 3. Elocotiu (style) 4. Memoria (memory) 5. Action (delivery) ** Inventio – paksa, audience, sitwasyon ** Despositio – balangkas ** Elocotiu – figures of speech ** Memoria – kaisipan 2. Quintillian â€Å"Good man speaking well† Karakter ng isang speaker Tinaguriang Roman Wiseman 3. Tertullian Unang nagtranslate ng Holy Scripture Ama ng Latin Christianity Nagsulat ng Latin Christian Literature Nag-introduce sa Holy Trinity 4. Lucian Satirist Native speaker ng barbarian 5. Hermogenes Griyegong rhetoric Legal documents Ang retorika ay ang pagkakaroon ng mahusay na pagsasalita 6. Capella Prose Narrative Didactic method 7. St. Augustine 8. Cassiodorous Letter writing 9. Isidore Encyclopedia of Human Knowledge Dialectic approach 10. Al Quin Parliamentary Procedure Civic 11. Bede Poetry / poetic way of writing 12. Nother Labeo Latin ïÆ'   German Literature 13. Boethius

Why Has Reality TV Become Popular?

Why Has Reality TV Become Popular? Reality TV is a phenomenon that has now been the norm for a number of years. What is the reason reality TV has become so popular and what are the negative effects on young audiences? Discuss the differences between reality TV in America and/or other western countries and reality TV in the Middle East. The bug word of my first research question is REALITY PROGRAMS. The trend of reality TV shows in today’s surrounding is increasing and spreading like a fire in forest. Every channel wants a reality TV show once in a year to broadcast to increase and enhance their GRP’S. Why the rates of reality TV shows are touching the skies now days? Obviously, people are getting attracted towards those reality TV shows like a magnet. These reality TV shows are acting like gravity for the channels which attracts the attention of our society’s conversations today. Not only ladies and women in their kitty’s parties are discussing that reality TV programs like before they used to discuss on typical women oriented dramas, about their heavy jewelries and embroided sarees. People from all age groups are watching the every season of reality TV programs. As the demand of these reality TV shows is increasing therefore channels are producing them annually in terms of seasons. And every season smashes the GRP of that channel as compare to previous season (Ramos, R. A., Ferguson, C. J., Frailing, K., Romero-Ramirez, M. , 2013). Now the question arises that why is the reality TV shows gaining importance and popularity so extensively? At first instance people used to hate them but once the train come on to the platform, no one resist catching that train. It means once the show has been broadcasted on TV, no one resist to watch the whole season that reality TV. The answer for the popularity of reality TV shows is that people start relating their own lives to the contestants on reality TV shows. People love to hear and watch the true stories and trues events of every single contestant. People get bored on the scripted items. They want something new, something extravagant, something very much prodigiously attractive for their leisure time. And all these ravishing spending they can earn from reality TV shows (Bhatti, M. A., Hassan, A. A. U. , 2014). Everything which reaches towards the highest sky of fame, people in its surrounding is going to perceive something from them, whether it’s in a good way or a bad way. Similarly it goes for the popularity of reality TV shows. What people do extract from them. Here we will discuss some facts about reality TV impact on our young generation (Gentile, D. A., Bushman, B. J. (2012). , 2012). Physical Attractiveness And Sex Appeal Numerous reality shows portray women idealizing beauty and slimness, giving the impression that a woman’s value is based on her physical appearance, and that popularity is resultant from beauty. Reality cum Competition shows such asAmerica’s Next Top Modeldisseminate this idyllic, as women participate and compete with every of their opponent to gain a worthwhile modeling agreement (Krahe, B., Moller, I., Kirwil, L., Huesmann, L.R., Felber, J., Berger, A., 2011). Acquisitiveness And Extreme Partying Other conjoint values propagated by reality TV include acquisitiveness, and an idealism of a hard-partying and â€Å"superstar† lifestyle without respect for values. BothRich Kids of Beverly HillsandShahs of Sunsetportary the lives of privileged fresh adults living in southern California. They take overgenerous trips, wear fashionable and expensive clothes, spend a lot of money on alcohol-fueled parties, and are seldom seen employed consistent jobs (Ramos, R. A., Ferguson, C. J., Frailing, K., Romero-Ramirez, M. , 2013). Difference between reality TV shows in Western Countries and Middle East countries is not very much unalike. Infect the reality TV show which western countries announces and if it gains popularity to its highest level then most seldom Middle East countries copied them and introduces them in their own country. And again that copied reality TV show also gains importance and popularity at its height. For Example: Western Reality TV Show: The Big Brother Eastern Reality TV show: the Bigg Boss Both of them gains extreme popularity not even in their own countries but also across the globe. REFERENCES: Gentile, D.A., Bushman, B.J. (2012). Reassessing Media Violence Effects Using a Risk and Resilience Approach to Understanding Aggression.Psychology of Popular Media Culture, Vol. 1, No. 3. Krahe, B., Moller, I., Kirwil, L., Huesmann, L.R., Felber, J., Berger, A. (2011). Desensitization to Media Violence: Links With Habitual Media Violence Exposure, Aggressive Cognitions, and Aggressive Behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 100, No. 4. Ramos, R. A., Ferguson, C. J., Frailing, K., Romero-Ramirez, M. (2013). Comfortably numb or just yet another movie? Media violence exposure does not reduce viewer empathy for victims of real violence among primarily Hispanic viewers.Psychology of Popular Media Culture,2(1), 2. Bhatti, M. A., Hassan, A. A. U. (2014). Psychological effects of TV News Violence on youth: A Case Study of the Students of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan.Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS),34(1), 295-309. Scarborough, R. C., McCoy, C. A. (2014). Moral reactions to reality TV: Television viewers’ endogenous and exogenous loci of morality.Journal of Consumer Culture, 1469540514521078.

Macbeth : The Tragedy :: essays research papers

Many people believe that Shakespeare's plays all have a tragedy to them. There are very good arguments that support this theory. Macbeth is one of the many tragic plays that Shakespeare has written. There are many incidents that take place in the play of Macbeth, which prove that this is a tragic play. There are the murders of many innocent people. There is the murder of King Duncan, who is killed by Macbeth. There is the murder of Banquo, which is set up by Macbeth. There is the murder of Macduff's wife and son, which is also set up by Macbeth. These meaningless killings are what make Macbeth a tragic story. The first tragic murder in the play was that of King Duncan. Duncan was a respected man by all in Scotland. Duncan had no enemies within his kingdom. He was a good leader and good father to his sons and to Macbeth as well. People were shocked to discover the murder of Duncan had taken place. Duncan was liked by everyone in Scotland, which made it hard for the people of Scotland to come up with a conclusion as to why Duncan was murdered. This is best summarized by Banquo's reaction towards Duncan's death,"†¦ Fears and scruples shake us. In the great hand of God I stand, and thence against the undivulged pretense I fight†¦" here Banquo is saying that no one person can be suspected for committing this crime and that this murder has a hidden purpose (II, iii, l. 131-133). Duncan was killed for a very terrible reason. Macbeth killed Duncan because Macbeth was greedy and was desperate to be become king. Macbeth wanted to be in control and knew that if he killed Duncan h e would be able to receive it. An innocent man is killed because of the greed of another man. Such a tragedy is inhuman. Others have also been killed because of Macbeth. The second tragic murder in the play was the brutal killing of Banquo. Banquo was an innocent man that had no flaws whatsoever. Banquo was always kind to everyone and respectful to Macbeth, even though he knew Macbeth killed Duncan. Banquo was also a loving father. Banquo had a son named Fleance whom he loved very much. When Macbeth sent the murderers out to kill Banquo and Fleance, Banquo sacrificed his own life so that Fleance could get away.

Ecology Assignment

Assignment 2 Define the following Terms: 1. ) Endotherm: Organisms that rely heavily on internally derived metabolic heat energy, Hm (Pg. 109) 2. ) Ectotherm: Animals that rely mainly on external sources of energer for regulating body temperature. (pg. 109) 3. ) Poikilotherms: Animals whose body temperature varies directly with environmental temperatures. (pg. 109) 1. ) Concept 6. 2 Review #2 during severe droughts, some of the branches of shrubs and trees die while others survive.How might losing some branches increase the probability that an individual plant will survive a drought? Because of the limited supply of water sacrafices must be made the trees and plants that are not able to sustain the harsh conditions of the drought die while the plants that thrive will live. Although leave and branches may fall that is okay because of the shortage of water there will be water going to the places that need it the most and the branches are not the most substantial part of the plant. The roots and the stem is therefore that is where the priority lies. . ) Concept Review 7. 1 #1What environmental conditions favor plants with C3 photosynthesis? Why? Plants in moist climates use C3 photosynthesis. C3 photosynthesis requires CO2 and is the most common and easiest type of photosynthesis available to plants, it uses only simple chemical reactions within the leaf and that’s all it needs in order to work properly. 3. ) Define the term haploid. A haploid is a single set of unpaired chromosomes. In haplodiploid systems, males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid. Females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid.

Entrepreneurial Process

Entrepreneurial Process Introduction The first thing to do before one sets out to start a business is identification of an opportunity. He then strategize on the way forward; the success of the business is dependent on how well he is going to capture customers to buy from him, which on the other side is dependent on the quality of initial entrepreneurial decision. Different places require different set ups for their success (Avery, 2004). This paper analyzes the process that an entrepreneur undergoes before setting up a business.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Entrepreneurial Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Decision Making Every situation or opportunity has its own unique potential that an entrepreneur must capture if he is to be successful. This will be in consideration of business risk; business risk is the uncertainty on to whether the kind of business that the one has engaged in will be of success. This is in both n ew and existing business when they want to extend their business to other areas of a start up business. Businesses are driven by market of goods produced; thus an entrepreneur must ensure that there is potential in the chosen location. When investing in some kind of a business there is the initial and subsequent running expenses. In a business environment the proceeds from the business should cover all this and there remain a portion that is the profit of the investor (Livingston, 2008). Competition is a good element in the business arena since it ensures that quality goods and services are provided; it is the one that keeps the businessmen on their toes to ensure that they earn customer loyalty. This calls for continuous improvements of its products and services. Two things must be considered then, whether the entrepreneur will be able to enter the market and whether he is capable to improve his products always. However, there are areas that competition is so high that any entrant will risk so highly and possibility of entering the market effectively becomes a problem, all these are factors that should be considered before making the go-ahead decision (Duening, Hisrich, Lechter, 2009). Entrepreneurial Strategy The success of an organization is dependent on the quality of decision made by its manager. One of the major attributes that make a good manager stand out is his or her decisiveness. The quality of decisions made by a manager is reflected in the performance of his or her organization. Other than the control by decision of the management, Customers influence almost all parts of a business. The available target customer’s needs should be well understood so as when deciding the kind of business to engage in, one is aware of the available customer segment. By segment we mean the class, social status, age, and income level. One must align himself to the interest of the customer and by so doing there will be continued business.Advertising Look ing for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When a business is established, the success will be dependent on the quality of the good/services that it will offer to the market. They must be those that satisfy the needs of the customer. As the business, he should listen to what other people have to say about the entire process. There are decisions that cannot be delegated and others can, there is need to separate them (Ebbena, Johnson, 2006). Resource Acquisition Capital is required for the set up of the business and the general running of the business; before one sets to start up a business there is the need to know the probable sources of capital. This may be from ones saving or a loan facility. Whichever the sources there is the need of understanding its source and ensure that it is dependable in all times. If the capital sources are not dependable chances that the business will go unde r are high. There are day to day and short term financial obligations that should be met by a business and the money must be available for its running. These include overdrafts and creditors have to be paid. These calls for a constant amount of money to be available in the business this is what is referred to as liquidity. To cover this, business employ various ways to ensure that this is done, an example of the ways that they employ is buying of short term securities. This may be in the form of shares in the stock exchange that is expected to be sold at a gain and the finances gotten can be used to meet the financial obligation. Another way that some businesses use to meet the financial obligation is by investing back the profits that they get into the same business and the cash flows that bear as a result are used to meet the obligations. Exit Strategy It is not always the case that a business set up will be successful, there are times that it may fail; when starting a business th is should be taken into consideration. Business dynamics cannot be predicted with a 100% certainty. If the trend fails to favor a business, then the business is more likely not to meet its obligation. It may be a failure in the market, change of fashion, calamities or negative goodwill created; they may hinder continuity of a business (Shane, 2003). To cater for this eventuality, there is need to have an exit plan. Mitigating any loss that is likely to result from loss of business is one of the common ways to have an exit strategy that will not hurt the entrepreneur. Conclusion Starting up a new business is taking a risk; however if the decision is well thought there are numerous benefits that come up with investing in business. Before one set to start there are short and long terms parameters that he should consider to ensure that there will be continuity in the business.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Entrepreneurial Process specifically for y ou for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The future is unpredictable and so even the smallest details about something should be interpolated before starting up. From the above study; it has come clear to me that entrepreneurship is all about how well one can understand the future and plan on it. It involves a process of analyzing risks associated in a certain area and working in full recognition of their presence. All mitigation factors should be put in place before the business is started. Reference List Avery, G. C. (2004). Understanding leadership: Paradigms and cases. London: SAGE Publications. Duening, N., Hisrich, D., Lechter, A. (2009). Technology Entrepreneurship. New York: Academic Press Ebbena, J.; Johnson, A. (2006), Bootstrapping in small firms: An empirical analysis of change over time, Journal of Business Venturing, Volume 21, Issue 6, November 2006, Pages 851-865 Livingston, J. (2008). Founders at work: stories of startups early days. Berkeley, CA; New York: Apress. Shane, S. (2003). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: the Individual-Opportunity Nexus. New York: Edward Elgar